Dalpatram Dahyabhai Travadi (21 January 1820 – 25 March 1898) was a Gujarati language poet during 19th century. Dalpatram is a trailblazer of modern Gujarati literature (1850 AD to present). He was part of the reformist era (1850-1885 AD) in modern Gujarati literature.
India in the middle to late 19th century was ridden with the caste system and steeped in superstition. But western education brought by the British to India created a climate for change. It is against this backdrop that the life of Dalpatram is set. Dalpatram used his literary skills to bring about changes in society.
Born in an orthodox Brahmin family he was trained in religious scriptures. He was drawn to the Swaminarayan sect at an early age and became a Swaminarayan devotee. The liberal and progressive views of the Swaminarayan sect, including campaigns against sati and female infanticide had profound impact on Dalpatram. The Swaminarayan sect also promoted musicians, folklore experts and scholars, and it was here that Dalpatram received his early training in poetry and mastered the structure of rhyme.
Soon he used his literary skills to impress feudal chiefs and royal families and became a part of the Darbar culture. He became famous and started travelling across Gujarat. In 1845, he tutored Bholanath, who later founded Prarthna Samaj in Ahmedabad. In 1848, Bholanath introduced Dalpatram to Ahmedabad’s Assistant Judge, Alexander Kinloch Forbes. Forbes loved Gujarati language and literature. A deep friendship developed between the two and it was Forbes who pushed Dalpatram to start composing in Gujarati. Till then the poet used to write in Vrajbhasha.
In 1855, Forbes appointed Dalpatram as the Assistant Secretary of the Gujarat Vernacular Society (now known as ‘Gujarat Vidyasabha’). He contributed articles and poems to its then newspaper Vartman and journal Budhiprakash (published to date), and later also served as its editor. He was awarded the CIE (Companion of Indian Empire) recognition by the British Government.
Interestingly, the first official ‘appeal’ for adoption and promotion of the Gujarati language took place in 1863, when Dalpatram was sent by a British officer, T B Kurtis, to the courts of the Gaekwads at Vadodara. He presented himself as an envoy of the language “રૂડી ગુજરાતી વાણી રાણીના વકીલ” and asked the ruler for patronage of Gujarati literature.
Unlike other reformers of his time, who were revolutionary in their approach, Dalpatram was a firm believer in bringing change gradually. He was also one of the first to introduce into Gujarati poetry subjects relating to common life – a far cry from the predominantly religious and occasionally romantic and narrative poetry of the earlier period.
His contribution to Gujarati literature is as follows:
Hiradanti, Jnan chaturi, Vraj chaturi and Kamal lochini were his early works, some of which he destroyed after joining the Swaminarayan sect.
Hadula Composer – Dalpatram created the poetic form Hadula in Gujarati literature and was famous for it. (Hadula refers to poetry that has no particular meaning but sounds good. For example- “વડ ઉપર કાગ બેઠો, રથે બેઠી રાણી; બંદા બેઠા માઝીએ, આ દુનિયા ડોળે પાણી।”)
Bapani Pipar – His first poem and also that of Gujarati language.
Lakshmi natak – The first modern play in Gujarati language, which is an adaptation of Greek drama Plutus.
Kavya Dohan – A collection of his poems, the first poem collection in Gujarati language.
Farbesvilas – A compilation of the works of Forbes and that of a poets meet organized by him.
Hope vanchan mala – Dalpatram meets British officer K Kurtis Hope in Ahmedabad, who asks him to contribute poems to his reading series for children. Thus Hope vanchan mala, the first reading series in Gujarati language, was published. Hope vanchan mala includes his poems like ભાદરવા નો ભીંડો, નમેલી ડોશી , અટકચારો જીવો etc. The popular ones are;
o ઊઠ કહે: આ સભામા વાંકા અંગવાળા ભૂંડા; ભુતાળમાં પક્ષીઓ અને પશુઓ અપાર છે, બગલાની ડોક વાંકી પોપટની ચાંચ વાંકી; કૂતરાની પૂંછડીનો વાંકો વિસ્તાર છે, વારણની સૂંઢ વાંકી, વાઘના છે નખ વાંકા; ભૈંસના તો શીર વાંકા સિંઘડાનો ભાર છે, સાંભળી શિયાળ બોલ્યું દાખે દલપતરામ; “અન્યનુ તો એક વાંકુ આપના અઢાર છે”
o “અંધેરી નગરી અને ગંડુ રાજા, ટકે શેર ભાજી અને ટકે શેર ખાજા”- https://gujarati.pratilipi.com/search?q=dalpatram
Farbesvirah – The first sad poem compilation in Gujarati language written when Forbes expired.
Tarkik Bodh – A short stories compilation that offers the reader valuable lessons, the first of its kind in Gujarati language. Lines from one of the stories – ‘મરતા સુધી મટે નહિ પડી ટેવ પ્રખ્યાત, આ ફાટે પણ ફીટે નહિ પડી પટોળે ભાટ’
Hunnarkhanani Chadai – A patriotic poem, the first of its kind in Gujarati language.
Dalpat Pingal – He wrote the famous prosody Pingal in Gujarati.
Mithyabhiman – A comic play with the main character ‘Jivram Bhatt’ that became popular.
Poem collection – Dalpatram himself collected his poems in two volumes covering over 650 pages.
Other works included Ven Charitra, Hari Lila Amrut, Shrey, Gnati Nibandh, Deivagna Darpan etc.
શ્રી દલપતરામની આ કવિતા જેટલી વાર વાંચીએ એટલી વાર ભગવાન ઉપર આપણો અહોભાવ વધતો જ જાય છે..આ ઉપરાંત ભગવાન પાસે શું માંગવું અને કેવી રીતે માંગવું અને કેવી રીતે આભાર વ્યક્ત કરવો એ બધુજ આ કવિતામાં આવે છે.
આ કવિતા ની પહેલી બે કડી રાત્રે સૂતી વખતે ગાતા..ફરી થી વાંચવા જેવી અને સમજવા જેવી કવિતા..
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